Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to serving as a barrier to the environment and various toxic substances such as antibiotics, the outer membrane can also act as a nutrient transporter. LPS constitutes about 3.6% of the entire bacterial cell, covering almost three-quarters of the surface area of the outer membrane of E. coli. Typically, the term LPS refers to the purified form, while endotoxin refers to LPS attached on the bacterial membrane.
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